Israel chemist, she obtained her doctorate in crystallography in 1968, and made postdoctoral stays in Carnegie-Mellon and MIT USA.
After returning to Israel, she founded the first protein crystallography laboratory of that country in 1970, in Weizmann Institute. There, she was female director of various departments, and recently directs the Biomolecular Structure Centre.
During almost all her career she has studied the ribosome structure, where proteins are synthetized, being awarded with Chemistry Nobel in 2009 (with Venkatraman Ramakrishnan and Thomas A. Seitz).
She was awarded with Premio L'Oreal-UNESCO “For Women in Science” and has a daughter.